Hot Spots
Online Extra |
Links | En Español
Volcanoes are some of the hottest places on Earth. They are also some of the coolest.
Joanne Green carefully put her foot down as if it were her last step. It could have been. The hardened lava underfoot was blazing hot. A nearby river of glowing lava splashed melted rock.
"The heat on your face is very, very intense," said Green. "If you aren't careful," she went on, "you'll melt your boots on the hot rock. Or worse!"
Green, you see, is a volcanologist. She's a scientist who studies volcanoes. To learn about the hot spots, she gets as close to them as she can.
TOWERING INFERNOS
Green was studying Kilauea. It's a volcano in Hawaii. It's just one of nearly 600 volcanoes on Earth's land. Many more rise from the ocean floor. All together, there are 1,500 active volcanoes worldwide.
Active volcanoes, however, make up only a small fraction of all mountains of fire. Many others are dormant, or "sleeping." These volcanoes haven't erupted in a long time. Some may never erupt again. Then there are extinct volcanoes. They fizzled out thousands or even millions of years ago.
All kinds of volcanoes—active, dormant, or extinct—are important. Volcanoes made 80 percent of Earth's surface. Most of our fertile soils came from volcanoes. And much of the air we breathe was erupted by them.
IT'S ABOUT THE LAVA
A volcano is an opening, or vent, into Earth's hot interior. Molten rock, or magma, rises through the vent. When the magma blasts onto Earth's surface, it's called lava.
Not all lava is the same. Some volcanoes make runny lava. It flows very fast, like pancake batter. Runny lava forms a gentle slope called a shield volcano.
Other volcanoes erupt thick, sticky lava. It flows slowly, like toothpaste. This kind of lava cannot flow very far. It forms a mountain with steep slopes. It's called a composite volcano.
Composite volcanoes can erupt violently.
A blast can hurl ash and lava at more than 600 miles per hour. Sometimes an eruption blows away large chunks of the volcano itself. All that's left is a steaming caldera.
THE RING OF FIRE
Three-quarters of all volcanoes rise near the rim of the Pacific Ocean. This circle of hot spots is called the Ring of Fire.
It's no accident that so many volcanoes are located there. The Ring of Fire is an area where some of the plates that form Earth's surface meet.
Sometimes when plates meet, one of them moves under the other. The lower one melts, forming magma. This magma squeezes through cracks in the surrounding rock. The magma can then burst through Earth's surface to build a new volcano or erupt from an old one.
LIVING WITH A VOLCANO
All active volcanoes affect the plants and animals that live around them. They make rich soils for plants to grow in. The plants attract all kinds of animals. Volcanoes even change the way people live. Farmers grow crops on rich volcanic soils. Tourists vacation near the beautiful mountains. Cities grow in the valleys beneath the peaks.
But life near an active volcano isn't easy. Sometimes the peaks turn into dangerous mountains of fire. When that happens, you don't want to be anywhere nearby.
A SLEEPING GIANT AWAKENS
One of the most scenic U.S. volcanoes was Mount St. Helens. It's about 95 miles south of Seattle, Washington. The mighty mountain had last erupted in 1857.
Over the years, millions of people moved to the area around Mount St. Helens. Thousands more visited each year.
After all, the snowcapped volcano seemed peaceful and calm. But that all changed on the morning of May 18, 1980. At 8:32 a.m. a powerful earthquake rattled the area. Suddenly the north side of the volcano exploded.
Hot ash and steam surged down the volcanic slopes at 200 miles per hour. When the smoke cleared, it looked like the top of the mountain had been chopped off. More than 1,000 feet was gone. A swath of land stretching 15 miles from the volcano was destroyed.
Today the volcano continues to erupt. But now it is slowly rebuilding itself. One day in the distant future, it will look much like it used to. But it is destined to repeat its violent past and destroy itself again.
Article by Beth Geiger.
"Hot Spots" appears on pages 10-15 of our May 2004 issue.
// ONLINE EXTRA //
A FEW FAMOUS VOLCANOES
Cotopaxi, Ecuador (19,347 feet)
One of the world's highest active volcanoes, Cotopaxi has erupted more than 50 times since its first recorded eruption in 1532.
Etna, Italy (10,902 feet)
With more than 200 recorded eruptions, Etna is one of Europe's most active volcanoes.
Krakatau, Indonesia (2,667 feet)
The great eruption of 1883 was heard 2,900 miles away. Enormous sea waves called tsunamis killed 36,000 people.
Paracutín, Mexico (8,990 feet)
The first volcano to be scientifically observed from its earliest stage of formation, Paracutín began as a small fracture in a farmer's field in 1943.
Surtsey, Iceland (568 feet)
Underwater eruptions created the island of Surtsey, which appeared above the surface of the sea in 1963. Surtsey is now a square mile in area.
Vesuvius, Italy (4,203 feet)
The famous eruption in A.D. 79 destroyed the cities of Pompeii, Stabiae, and Herculaneum.
Source: Exploring Your World: The Adventure of Geography, (National Geographic, 1989.)
// LINKS //
National Geographic: Eye in the Sky
People love volcanoes. People fear volcanoes. Video clips and photos show you why.
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
Learn more about Kilauea, the world's most active volcano, and see amazing photographs of recent activity.
How Volcanoes Work
An expert explains the science behind volcanic eruptions.
PBS: Volcano's Deadly Warning
Learn how sound may be the key to predicting eruptions.
Smithsonian: Weekly Volcanic Activity Report
What's happening this week in the world of volcanoes? Drop in and find out.
|
